Quantum Game Theory: Transforming Nash Equilibrium Through Superposition, Entanglement, and Interference
Quantum Game Theory: Transforming Nash Equilibrium Through Superposition, Entanglement, and Interference In classical game theory, players are limited to deterministic strategies or probabilistic mixed strategies. Quantum game theory introduces quantum mechanical principles— superposition and entanglement —fundamentally altering game structures and redefining Nash equilibria. What Is the Prisoner's Dilemma and How Does It Work? 1. Expansion of Strategy Space: From Probabilities to Wave Functions Classical strategies are discrete (e.g., "cooperate" or "defect"), with mixed strategies distributing probabilities p and 1-p . In quantum game theory, strategies become quantum state vectors in Hilbert space. Qubits enable infinite superposition states, transforming the strategy space from a line segment into the surface of the Bloch sphere . This introduces intermediate states inaccessible in classical games, yielding novel equilibrium points. Wave Superposition (...