Quantum Computing: Theoretical Foundations and Applications Since Richard Feynman proposed the idea of “simulating nature with quantum systems” in 1981, quantum computing has gradually moved from theoretical blueprints into real-world laboratories. Tech giants such as IBM and Google have since taken the lead in developing cloud-based quantum platforms and conducting early-stage commercial testing. Feynman recognized that classical digital computation cannot efficiently simulate most quantum systems. As an alternative, he introduced the concept of a quantum simulator or quantum analog—a controllable quantum system designed to emulate another quantum system that we aim to study but cannot directly manipulate. His core insight was that “nature cannot be simulated efficiently by a classical computer, but perhaps it can be simulated by a quantum mechanical system.” Unlike traditional computers that use bits as the basic unit of information, quantum computers are...
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